Endnotes

1  Charles Dickens, Barnaby Rudge (1841; Oxford Illustrated Dickens edition, 1954), 65. All further references to the novel will be parenthetical citations to this edition.

2  Patrick Brantlinger, Spirit of Reform: British Literature and Politics, 1832-1867 (1977), 91; Steven Marcus, Dickens from Pickwick to Dombey (1965), 172-74. For a contrasting analysis that seeks to distance the Chartists from Dickens’s concerns, see Denis Paz, Dickens and Barnaby Rudge: Anti-Catholicism and Chartism (2007).

3  Quoted in Dorothy Thompson, The Early Chartists, 20-21.

4  The best resource remains Christopher Hill’s classic essay, “The Norman Yoke,” in Puritanism and Revolution: Studies in Interpretation of the English Revolution of the Seventeenth Century (1958), 46-111.

5  For an excellent collection of Leveller documents with analysis, see G. E. Aylmer, The Levellers in the English Revolution (1975).

6  On the seventeenth-century legacy in nineteenth-century literature, see Joseph Nicholes, Now Is There Civil War within the Soul: The English Civil War in Nineteenth-Century British Literature (PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 1989. The classic statement on Whiggish history is, of course, Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (1965), but see also Rosemary Jann, The Art and Science of Victorian History (1985), chap, 3.

7  Thomas Hobbes, (ed. G. A. J. Rogers and Karl Schumann), Leviathan, or, the Matter, Form, and Power of a Common-wealth (1651/2003), 102.

8  John Locke (Peter Laslett, ed.), Two Treatises of Government (1690/1988). Laslett’s introduction includes a useful discussion of the time of composition for the work, dating it to the mid-1680s although publication only followed the Glorious Revolution.

9  The classic account is George Rudé’s Wilkes and Liberty (1983); see also Peter David Garner Thomas, John Wilkes: A Friend to Liberty (1996).

10  Ulrich Zwingli’s “Sixty-Seven Articles” are translated in Mark Noll, ed., Confessions and Catechisms of the Reformation (2004), 37-47; see especially articles 41-43.

11  The full text of the Twelve Articles appears as Appendix 1 in Peter Blickle, The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants’ War from a New Perspective (1985).

12  Free speech: John Milton, Areopagatica (1644), in John Alvis., ed., Areopagitica, and other political writings (1999); regicide: John Milton, The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649), in Martin Dzelzainis and Claire Gruzelier, eds., John Milton: Political Writings (1991).

13  Hobbes, Leviathan, Part 3.

14  Gerard Winstanley (Christopher Hill, ed.), The Law of Freedom and other writings (1973).

15  This is the substance of the less read first of his Two Treatises, where he roots his understanding of the evolution of government on the inheritance from Adam .

16  Thomas, John Wilkes, 184.

17  The clearest account of Blake’s political/religious fusion is David Erdman, Blake: Prophet Against Empire (3d ed., 1977).

18  Mark Hovell, ed. The Chartist Movement (1966), 89.

19  Myron Magnet, Dickens and the Social Order (1985), 76.

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