Richard C. Sha, in the article Medicalizing the Romantic Libido: Sexual Pleasure, Luxury, and the Public Sphere, says "The explosion of anti-masturbation literature in the eighteenth century peaks around 1750 and helped to make clear that there was no such thing as a purely private pleasure. Insofar as private pleasure had enormous and profound effects on social body--it made, these authors insistently argued, men effeminate, incapable of erection, and women nymphomaniacs, and, what was even worse, women 'indifferent' to the lawful pleasures of Hymen," (34). Masturbation became a portal by which all the ills in society could be dealt with, from class issues, to health issues, to sexuality. In the 19th century, industry rose, and many people moved from the country into the cities, which is reflected in the pamphlets. Many of the techniques to "cure" or "prevent" masturbation was linked with the air, which was considered polluted and filled with sickness in the cities, and suggested that children be brought up away from the cities, where they could have a more wholesome environment. There is also a link made between "onanism" and "sexual and economic productivity, one which helped to make productive sexual pleasure a public virtue," (Sha 36). Masturbation is an unproductive loss of fluids, particularly semen, because instead of heterosexual intercourse, which could result in a child and the propagation of the species, it was an act that only brought solitary pleasure. Marriage was often purported as the ultimate solution because it was both a "prevention and cure for the solitary vice and thus [sought] to convert unproductive pleasure into productive pleasure." (Sha 35). Often insanity and masturbation were linked. This link was made because many people in asylums masturbated without inhibitions, and so it was attributed as the cause of their insanity.