Endnotes

1  Most historians assert that around 27,000 Boer noncombatants died in refugee camps set up by the British during the war. Many of the victims were women and children. Peter Warwick, Black People and the South African War, 1899-1902 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 1.

2  This paper will use the term “Pro-Boer” to denote all who were against the war. However, not all critics of war necessarily favored the Boers, as most were simply against this particular war and did not have any strong affinity for the enemy combatant.

3  The word Uitlander means “foreigner” in Afrikaans.

4  See Stephen Koss, The Anatomy of an Anti-War Movement: The Pro-Boers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), Arthur Davey, The British Pro-Boers, 1877-1902 (Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1978), and Richard Price, An Imperial War and the British Working Class: Working-Class Attitudes and Reactions to the Boer War 1899-1902 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972).

5  The Boer War was particularly a divisive issue for an already split Liberal Party that had parted ways over Irish Home Rule. Liberal MPs such as Leonard Courtney, David Lloyd George, and Henry Campbell Bannerman were against the war, while Liberal Imperialists, led by Lord Rosebery, supported the war.

6  G.R. Searle, A New England? Peace and War, 1886-1918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 2. See also Hugh Cunningham, “The Language of Patriotism,” in Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, edited by Raphael Samuel (New York: Routledge, 1989).

7  J.H. Grainger, Patriotisms: Britain, 1900-1939 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986), 148.

8  See John S. Galbraith, “The Pamphlet Campaign on the Boer War,” The Journal of Modern History, 24 (June 1952), 112.

9  Mark Bryant, Wars of Empire in Cartoons (London: Grub Street, 2008).

10  James Thompson “’Pictorial Lies’?-Posters and Politics in Britain c. 1880-1914,” Past & Present, No. 197 (November 2007): 177-201.

11  This paper is part of a bigger project on anti-war imagery in Pro-Boer organizations.

12  SACC, “Mr. Leonard Courtney’s Speech, 10 January 1902, SACC, Liverpool Branch.”

13  STWC Placard, Koss, The Anatomy, 71-72.

14  Miles Hudson and John Stanier, War and the Media (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 31.

15  See Stead, The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon (1885) and Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).

16  Koss, The Anatomy, xxiv.

17  For more on Stead’s understanding of Lady Britannia, see The United States of Europe (Toronto: G.N. Morang and Co., 1899).

18  Kenneth O. Morgan points out that the cameras were used more in this war than any one before. See Morgan, Ages of Reform: Dawns and Downfalls of the British Left (London: I.B. Tauris, 2011).

19  Cited in unpublished autobiography, House of Lords Record Office, London, MS 37b, ch. 16, fos 386-387. Also noted in Thompson, “’Pictorial Lies’.

20  The Jameson Raid took place in 1895 when British and South African financiers attempted to overthrow the Transvaal. This coup failed and many suspected Chamberlain had knowledge of this event and endorsed it.

21  Frederic Whyte, The Life of W.T. Stead, vol.2, (New York/Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Co., 1925), 191. See Joseph O’Baylen, “W.T. Stead and the Boer War: The Irony of Idealism, Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 40 (1959): 304-314 and “W.T. Stead’s Controversial Visit to South Africa, 1904,” History Today (2001): 11-15.

22  STWC, “War Against the Two Republics: A Speech Delivered in Battersea Park, on May 20th 1900, by John Burns, LCC, MP”.

23  See H.C.G. Matthew, The Liberal Imperialists: The Ideas and Politics of a Post-Gladstonian Elite (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). Also see H.W. McCready, “Sir Alfred Milner, The Liberal Party, and the Boer War,” Canadian Journal of History (March 1967): 13-44.

24  Many foreign mining magnates saw the Boer republics as oppressive in terms of the taxes they had to pay and the restrictions.

25  Bernard Porter, Critics of Empire: British Radical Attitudes to Colonialism in Africa, 1895-1914 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1968), 64.

26  Claire Hirshfield, “The Anglo-Boer War and the Issue of Jewish Culpability,” Journal of Contemporary History vol. 15 (London: SAGE, 1980), 620.

27  STWC, “The Trail of the Financial Serpent: Full Report of the Speech in the House of Commons by John Burns, MP”; “War Against the Two Republics: A Speech Delivered in Battersea Park, on May 20, 1900”, also see Koss, The Anatomy, 94-95.

28  J.A Hobson, The War in South Africa: Its Causes and Effects (1900; New York: Howard Fertig, 1969), 226.

29  Eitan Bar-Yosef and Nadia Valman, eds., ‘The Jew’ in Late Victorian and Edwardian Culture: Between the East End and East Africa (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 11.

30  Bar-Yosef, ‘The Jew’, 12.

31  For more on Jews during this period in Britain see: G. Alderman, Modern British Jewry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992); D. Feldman, Englishmen and Jews: Social Relations and British Culture, 1840-1914 (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1994); Colin Holmes, Anti-Semitism in British Society, 1876-1939 (London: Edward Arnold, 1979); and Jonathan Schneer, London 1900: The Imperial Metropolis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).

32  Porter, Critics of Empire, 88.

33  John Bull is similar to the national personification of Uncle Sam in the United States.

34  Davey, The British, 86.

35  STWC, Leaflet #5, “Jockeyed into War: The Story of Nine-Tenths Acceptance.” (Figure 3)

36  STWC, Leaflet, #34, “Diplomacy or Highway Robbery? The Story of Chamberlain’s Methods.” (Figure 4)

37  STWC, Leaflet #39, “South African War: Butcher’s Bill, 1900: Presented with Joe C.’s Compliments to John Bull, Esq.” (Figure 5)

38  STWC, Leaflet #20, “More Victims for Moloch: The Demands for Reinforcements.” (Figure 6)

39  STWC, Leaflet #7, “Morituri to Salutant! Dying for Dividends of Dives.” (Figure 7)

40  STWC, Leaflet #8, “Is this a Stock-Jobber’s War? Some Significant Admissions.” (Figure 8)

41  STWC, Leaflet #4, “Naboths’ Vineyard in South Africa.” (Figure 9)

42  STWC, Leaflet #37, “The Meteor Flag of England: Up=to=Date” (Figure 10)

43  STWC, Leaflet #45, “An Artists View of the South African War.” (Figure 11)

44  STWC, Leaflet #36, “The Besetting. Sin of Empires! Nebuchadnezzar’s Pride of Punishment...” By the Rev. Canon Scott-Holland. (Figure 12)

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