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William Blake: Image and Imagination in Milton

Andrew Welch

Imagination in the Lexical Text

The preceding account enumerates and organizes the challenges Milton poses: material form and production, textual variation, text-image interaction, narrative, the imagination. In the aesthetic encounter with Milton, however, these various elements exist in simultaneous unity or tension, rather than in a clearly distinguishable series. In order to reconcile these aspects of the book, I begin here by looking at the internal structure of the narrative.

Blake's work fundamentally insists on the formative power of perception. For Blake, time and space are rationalizations of experience, its reduction to Frye's “lower limit of normality” that constitutes the Selfhood, and Milton attempts to unfix these rationalizations by unmooring and pluralizing physical location and temporal sequence. We see this in the layering of Hebraic and British geography, in the poem's approach to chronology@, and in the disorienting form of the narrative. The challenge here is to imaginatively link apparently disconnected events and themes into a unity, as Grimes suggests: “Visionary relationships are the opposite of deterministic relations, and each event is a 'miracle' in the sense that its cause is not immediately evident if one looks only on an empirical level. Events are somehow related, but not causally related. The problem is to find out exactly how they are related@.” The Blakean schema insists on an ontological wholeness in which the separation of self from others and objects becomes ultimately illusory. Throughout the poem, characters fuse or bifurcate at various moments, and these developments exist not in sequence but rather in a sort of mythical evental circularity. One such pattern follows the character of Elynittria as she reappears throughout the Bard's Song. If we take recourse to an archetypal key, we can immediately derive an intelligible pattern, but we then skip over the process through which meaning develops - the process that I contend produces the significance of Milton. This reading will deal exclusively with the imaginative reconciliation of the text, while the next section will apply the same logic to the relationship between narrative and image. Our trajectory begins:

Palambron with the fiery Harrow in morning returning
From breathing fields. Satan fainted beneath the artillery (5:1-2, E98)@

The causal relation between Palambron's return and Satan's fainting seems entirely obscure. It remains so until it appears again, in different form, at the bottom of the same plate, this time apparently as a sort of time-stamp for another seemingly unrelated event:

James calls for fires in Golgonooza. For heaps of smoking ruins
In the night of prosperity and wantonness which he himself Created
Among the Daughters of Albion among the Rocks of the Druids
When Satan fainted beneath the arrows of Elynittria
And Mathematic Proportion was subdued by Living Proportion (5:40-44, E99)

Satan has fainted again, and while we still don't understand the entirety of the context, the “artillery” of the previous instance reveals itself here as the “arrows of Elynittria,” who appears for the first time at this moment, and promptly disappears for another five plates. If the event itself has received a little illumination, the relationship between Satan, Elynittria, and Palambron remains mysterious. In the meantime, Los the Imagination and his emanation (or female essence), Enitharmon, identify their offspring Satan as Urizen, the rationalizing enemy of inspiration. In grief and anger, Los chastises the suddenly present Elynittria, for reasons to this point unknown:

Elynittria! Whence is this Jealousy running along the mountains
[...]
Every thing in Eternity shines by its own Internal light: but thou
Darkenest every Internal light with the arrows of thy quiver
Bounds up in the horns of Jealousy to a deadly fading Moon (10:14-18, E104)

We've seen Elynittria rout Satan with her arrows, but we don't yet know why, or what this has to do with jealousy – a consequence, as we know, of possessive Selfhood. This pattern fills out with the descent of Leutha, “[o]ffering herself a Ransom for Satan,” who finds himself on trial for feuding with Palambron (11:30, E105). Leutha will claim responsibility for deluding Satan, in the process furthering the plot:
I am the Author of this Sin; by my suggestion
My parent power Satan has committed this transgression
I loved Palambron & I sought to approach his Tent,
But beautiful Elynittria with her silver arrows repelld me (11:35-38, E105)

Leutha presents the revelation that will link Satan to Elynittria, and Elynittria to Palambron: Elynittria guards Palambron as his emanation. Female emanations control space throughout the poem (best demonstrated by Enitharmon's role). Los accuses Elynittria of jealousy in defending Palambron because in doing so she acts on behalf of a jealous Selfhood. Her apparent separation from Palambron, which inspires her jealousy, is an illusion – she is in fact part of him, identical to him, and only becomes separate in an illusive fallen state. The obscure adjacency that began this thread (“Palambron with the fiery Harrow in morning returning / From breathing fields. Satan fainted beneath the artillery”) discloses itself as, if not a causal relationship, a meaningful convergence.

With this ground prepared, we can return to Leutha's testimony, which presents new problems. In a moment strongly reminiscent of Sin's birth in Paradise Lost, Leutha will spring from the breast of Satan, and above she has declared him her “parent power.” Leutha's separation from Satan, then, is as fallen and illusory as the separation of Elynittria and Palambron. With this in mind, what have we witnessed? Elynittria blasts Satan unconscious and repels Leutha, but is this two separate happenings, or two renderings of the same event? As Leutha testifies, “I fade before her immortal beauty” (12:1, E105). Does this refer to fainting, or to being “repelld," or both?

These questions aim at the structure of Milton, or more specifically, at the blanks that we must fill with meaning. The text depicts a series of chronologically, temporally, locally, and causally obscure processes that must be actively unified by the reader into a whole. Milton is, in effect, a series of variations or expressions of a differentiated oneness, or perhaps a singular and originary difference that harks back to Blake's interpretation of Creation and the Fall as one unified event. The poem thus intends this kind of connection, regardless of whether Blake consciously inscribed this particular collapse of two or three episodes into one, along the lines I've suggested here. This practice of reading is essential to the conceptualization of the work. The reader encounters the poem in a state of separation, full of resonance but incomplete, requiring the application of an active, distortive logic of one sort or another in order to creative imaginative sense. Plot structure in Milton functions along the lines of Blake's more general theory of events, which take on meaning through inspired vision rather than the factical causality of "reasoning historian:"
Picture
Blake's Leutha draws heavily upon Milton's portrayal of Sin in "Paradise Lost." When Satan rebels against God, he gives birth to Sin and then fornicates with her, producing Death - Satan then forgets the entire episode until he encounters Death at the gates of Hell; father and son nearly clash when Sin intervenes.
"Satan, Sin, and Death: Satan Comes to the Gates of Hell", Illustrations to Milton's "Paradise Lost", The Butts Set, 1808, Blake Archive, Huntington Library
The reasoning historian, turner and twister of causes and consequences, such as Hume,@ Gibbon and Voltaire; cannot with all their artifice, turn or twist one fact or disarrange self evident action and reality. Reasons and opinions concerning acts, are not history. Acts themselves alone are history, and these are neither the exclusive property of Hume, Gibbon nor Voltaire, Echard, Rapin, Plutarch, nor Herodotus. Tell me the Acts, O historian, and leave me to reason upon them as I please; away with your reasoning and your rubbish. All that is not action is not worth reading. Tell me the What; I do not want you to tell me the Why, and the How; I can find that out myself, as well as you can, and I will not be fooled by you into opinions, that you please to impose, to disbelieve what you think improbably or impossible. His opinions, who does not see spiritual agency, is not worth any man's reading; he who rejects a fact because it is improbable, must reject all History and retain doubts only.@
Blake's Milton, then, stands as a history devoid of causal structure, which must reveal in its unique particularity to each act of inspired perception, to each reading by each reader. In the following page, I apply this thinking to the intersection of text and illustration.