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The Man Who Reinvented Christmas: Dickens and the Spirits of Christmas

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The Xmas No. of Household Words

Every Christmas in its nine year run, Dickens’ Household Words published a special Christmas issue. Special Christmas publications were certainly not a new phenomenon, but as with many things Christmas, Dickens was certainly the most successful practitioner of the “Christmas Number.” According to the Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism, the idea of Christmas publications seems to begin in the 1820s with special gift books, or “Books of Beauty,” created by Annuals. These gift books inspired Dickens and other authors to publish Christmas books in the “Hungry Forties” (the Carol, Chimes, and Haunted Man among these). Also in the 1840s, Punch was the first periodical to begin publishing Christmas issues.
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Detail of: Heath's Book of Beauty, 1833
Wikimedia Commons
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Household Words, December 1850
Charles Dickens
In its first year of publication, Dickens arranged for multiple contributors to write articles examining how Christmas was celebrated all over the world and by different classes of people. This first collection was published on December 21,1850, as part of the regular weekly publication, but with a special title “The Christmas Number.” He began this collection with an autobiographical description of his own Christmas remembrances which he called “A Christmas Tree.” In “A Christmas Tree,” as well as in the organization of the entire first issue, we can find hints as to how Dickens conceives of Christmas and how he envisions his Christmas publications.
His autobiographical sketch describes a Christmas tree through his own boyhood remembrances. He gives many detailed descriptions of its ornamentations, smell, and nostalgic meaning. He exclaims, “oh, now all common things become uncommon and enchanted to me. All lamps are wonderful; all rings are talismans” (291). Dickens sees Christmas as a magical and nostalgic holiday; a holiday celebrated by all. For the other articles published in the issue, Dickens recruited contributors to describe experiences of Christmas in British colonies like India and Australia:  exotic locations where magical things happen.
For Dickens, Christmas is not only a magical holiday, but also a community holiday where family and friends gather and share. He declares, “and I do come home at Christmas. We all do, or we all should” (292). The return to family and one’s roots seems to be a theme that echoes throughout Dickens' Christmas tales and echoed in future Christmas numbers. Describing this time with family he recalls, “there is probably a smell of roasted chestnuts and other good comfortable things all the time, for we are telling Winter stories – Ghost stories, or more shame for us – round the Christmas fire” (293). This theme of telling stories around the fire, especially ghost stories, resonates throughout the Christmas numbers.
After this first experiment in dedicating a weekly issue to Christmas, Dickens endeavored to separate the issue from the weekly.  Each of the following years, Household Words published a special “Christmas Number.” The first of these appeared in 1851, for 2 pence, and was around 35 pages long. Owing to its success, in 1852, the price was raised to 3 pence where it remained until the termination of Household Words. According to the Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism, a regular weekly circulation of Household Words ranged around 40,000 copies. However, the Christmas Issues sold 100,000 copies or more and provided the additional advantage of increasing circulation of the weekly publication every spring.
In the 1851 issue, not much changed as far as the style of the publication. Dickens solicited articles from various contributors for a nostalgic collection of Christmas remembrances. The first of these, Dickens authored himself, “What Christmas is, as we Grow Older.” In early December, Dickens wrote to his sub-editor Wills, “I can’t begin the Xmas article and am going out to walk, after vain trials” (75). Although what followed was only a short article, it encapsulates Christmas for Dickens as he evolved into his role as Father Christmas. He implores, “as we grow older, let us be more thankful that the circle of our Christmas associations and of the lessons that they bring, expands!” (1). This article, along with the collection that follows, resonates with Dickens' ambition to make the Christmas issue something that all readers can relate to. In the same letter, Dickens explains to Wills, “It seems to me that what the Xmas No. wants is something with no detail in it, but a tender fancy that shall hit a great many people” (75).
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Household Words, December 1851
Charles Dickens
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Household Words, December 1852
Charles Dickens
Dickens continues the patter of gathering contributions from various authors in the following year’s issue; however, this issue makes a major shift away from the nostalgia and "tender fancy" Dickens previously wanted.  In 1852, the Christmas issue was a collection of tales called, “A Round of Stories by the Christmas Fire.” In this third number, Dickens hearkens to the nostalgia seen in the previous issues with the title, but begins on a new path with the collection:  fictional short stories. He was very careful with this new issue and the new endeavor, as is obvious in his letters to Wills in November 1852, about the types of articles he would prefer to publish. He declines to publish a story by Georginia Craik as, “her imitation of me is too glaring – I never saw anything so curious” (93). Although he would not publish Craik in the Christmas number (publishing her in February of the following year) he was enamored with Harriet Martineau’s “The Deaf Playmate’s Story. He calls it, “very affecting – admirably done…I couldn’t wish for better” (93). It is a rather sad story, with a happy ending. The narrator, a young boy, begins to have trouble with his ears and eventually becomes very hard of hearing. He has a close friend that sticks by his side, through quarrels and his disability, the playmate was a source of strength for the narrator. This story, along with others in the collection, was not about Christmas, but in the sentimental tradition of story-telling around the fire.
Such a tradition would not be complete without a ghost story, provided in the 1852 issue by Elizabeth Gaskell. Before reading Gaskell’s story, in a letter to Wills, Dickens observes, “it is long” (93). It certainly is the longest addition to the Christmas issue, but an addition that Dickens felt worthy of entry, with some hesitation. The “Old Nurse’s Story” revolves around a nurse being left in charge of a baby after its mother dies. The nurse and the baby relocate to a wealthy relative of the baby, in a brooding, dark, and mysterious mansion. The mansion contains many objects, which raise the sensationalist spectacle of the story, “we could manage to see old China jars and carved ivory boxes, and great heavy books, and, above all, the old pictures!” (13). The objects described seem to be oriental and magical. Old pictures often dredge up memories of the dead, literally as proves to be the case in this story. Making reference to the time of year where the dead are thought to rise, the nurse notes, “as winter drew on, and the days grew shorter, I was sometimes almost certain that I heard a noise as if some one was playing on the great organ in the hall” (14). Although her companions balked at her reports of mysterious music, her premonitions of hauntings prove a reality, for everyone in the home. The hauntings seem to be, as with Dickens' hauntings, a philosophical reminder of the bad deeds of the past. Gaskell’s story remains one of the best examples of a Gothic ghost story. However, upon his initial reading, Dickens felt the ending could have been edited to better effect. In a letter to Gaskell on December 1, 1852, he writes “I send to you the proof of ‘The Old Nurse’s Story,’ with my proposed alteration. I shall be glad to know whether you approve of it" (340).  Gaskell heartily rejected his proposal for the ending, which eliminated the ability of everyone to see the specters, limiting their view to only the nurse and the child. This ending would seem more reminiscent of Dickens' own ghosts, being only viewable to the character who needs to see them. As he confirms in his letter to Gaskell’s rejection, “I don’t claim for my ending of ‘The Nurse’s Story’ that it would have made it a bit better. All I can urge in its behalf is, that it is what I should have done myself. But there is no doubt of the story being admirable as it stands…(342))”.  It was published in the Christmas number as it stood, allowing Gaskell’s contribution to the Gothic horror to be truly her own.
As the Christmas issues progressed, they continued to revolve around the idea of fireside storytelling, gradually becoming less about Christmas, but all with a central purpose for the telling of stories. In the 1854 edition, titled “The Seven Poor Travelers,” the narrator stays at an inn on Christmas Eve, only to discover there are lodgings behind the inn provided at charity to six poor travelers. He invites them for dinner and they exchange stories, with the narrator being the seventh traveler. In the 1856 edition, which he worked closely with Wilkie Collins to produce, the stories emanate from the sinking of the Golden Mary, after which the crew and passengers must pass five days’ time waiting to be rescued on life boats.  The collection of stories results from their time at sea, with no apparent connection to Christmas. On April 1 of the following year, Dickens writes to Wills, "I think, in such a case as that of Collins's, the right thing is to give 50 pounds. I think it right, abstractedly, in the case of a careful and good writer on whom we can depend for Xmas Nos. and the like" (218). His generous payment (for which he was notorious and for which he was constantly at odds with Wills) proves to be a good pay off, for Collins continued to contribute to the Christmas numbers every year thereafter.
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Household Words, December 1854
Charles Dickens
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Household Words, December 1858
Charles Dickens
The last Christmas number appeared in 1858 and was titled “A House to Let.” Although both Gaskell and Adelaide Anne Procter were contributors to this number, Dickens and Collins collaborated extensively on the issue. On November 20, 1858, Dickens writes to Wills, “…Wilkie and I have arranged to pass the whole day here…to connect the various portions of the Xmas No. and get it finally together” (256). After leaving Household Words, thus dismantling the magazine altogether, Dickens did not abandon his role of Father Christmas, continuing with Christmas publications in All the Year Round and later solidifying his place in history though his public readings.